Reasons to study concepts of Programming Languages Increased capacity to express programming concepts. Improved background for choosing appropriate language Increased ability to learn new languages. Understanding the significance of implementation Increased ability to design new languages Overall advancement of computing. Programming Domains : Scientific applications, Business applications, AI, Systems Programming , Scripting Languages, Special Purpose Languages. LISP : Functional Programming DIAGRAM 1.2, 1.3 C++ --> Translator --> Machine code Assembly Language --> Assembler --> Binary Interpreted Languages : LISP, Prolog, BASIC Compiled Languages : C, C++, Fortran, COBOL, Pascal Hybrid Languages : Java Compiler makes sense of ASCI characters via Lexical Analysis . Throws away useless stuff, i.e. comments and such. Uses ...